【-er】在多语言下的意思、翻译、词源、用法、例句

英语(English)

发音(Pronunciation)

• (UK) IPA^(key): /ə/
• (US) enPR: ər, IPA^(key): /ɚ/
• Homophones: -or, -a (in non-rhotic accents)

词源1(Etymology 1)

From Middle English -er, -ere, from Old English -ere, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, usually thought to have been borrowed from Latin -ārius.

Reinforced by the synonymous but unrelated Old French -or, -eor (Anglo-Norman variant -our), from Latin -(ā)tor, from Proto-Indo-European *-tōr.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -'er (following an abbreviation, or sometimes following a number)

Suffix

-er

1. (added to verbs) A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an agent noun.

   Antonym: -ee

   ‎read + ‎-er → ‎reader

   ‎cook + ‎-er → ‎cooker

   ‎compute + ‎-er → ‎computer

   ‎run + ‎-er → ‎runner

   ‎toast + ‎-er → ‎toaster

   ‎do good + ‎-er → ‎do-gooder

2. (added to verbs, informal) A person or thing to which the root verb can satisfactorily be done.

   ‎look + ‎-er → ‎looker (“a beautiful woman/man”)

   ‎keep + ‎-er → ‎keeper (“a person or thing worth keeping”)

3. (added to a noun denoting an occupation) A person whose occupation is (the noun).

   ‎astrology + ‎-er → ‎astrologer

   ‎cricket + ‎-er → ‎cricketer

   ‎trumpet + ‎-er → ‎trumpeter

4. (added to a number, measurement or noun denoting a quantified set) A name for a person or thing that is based on a number (with or without a noun).

   ‎six + ‎-er → ‎sixer

   ‎six foot + ‎-er → ‎six-footer

   ‎three-wheel + ‎-er → ‎three-wheeler

   ‎first grade + ‎-er → ‎first-grader

5. (slang, chiefly entertainment, with few limitations) Used to form nouns shorter than more formal synonyms.

   ‎percent + ‎-er → ‎percenter (“commission agent”)

   ‎one hand + ‎-er → ‎one-hander (“one-man show”)

   ‎oat + ‎-er → ‎oater (“a Western-themed movie”)

6. (informal, added to a noun) One who enjoys.

   Tooners lined up for tickets to Toy Story.

7. (derogatory, added to nouns) Person who subscribes to a particular conspiracy theory or unorthodox belief.

   ‎anti-vax + ‎-er → ‎anti-vaxxer

   ‎birth + ‎-er → ‎birther

   ‎flat earth + ‎-er → ‎flat-earther

   ‎truth + ‎-er → ‎truther

用法注意(Usage notes)

• The suffix may be used to form an agent noun of many verbs. In compound or phrasal verbs, the suffix usually follows the verb component (as in passerby and runner-up) but is sometimes added at the end, irrespective of the position of the verb component (do-gooder) or is added to both components for humorous effect (washer-upper).
• The entertainment slang sense is sometimes referred to as the Variety -er.

衍生词(Derived terms)

翻译(Translations)

The translations below are a guide only. For more precise translations, see specific words ending with this suffix.

查看更多(See also)

• -eer

词源2(Etymology 2)

From Middle English -er, -ere, from Old English -ware (suffix denoting residency or meaning "inhabitant of"), from Proto-Germanic *warjaz (“defender, inhabitant”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to close, cover, protect, save, defend”). Cognate with Dutch -er, German -er, Swedish -are.

Suffix

-er

1. (added to a proper noun) Suffix denoting a resident or inhabitant of (the place denoted by the proper noun); used to form a demonym.

   ‎New York + ‎-er → ‎New Yorker

   ‎London + ‎-er → ‎Londoner

   ‎Dublin + ‎-er → ‎Dubliner

   ‎New England + ‎-er → ‎New Englander

2. Suffix denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region.

   ‎island + ‎-er → ‎islander

   ‎highland + ‎-er → ‎highlander

   ‎eastend + ‎-er → ‎eastender

   ‎prison + ‎-er → ‎prisoner

衍生词(Derived terms)

翻译(Translations)

词源3(Etymology 3)

From Middle English -er, -re, from Old English -ru (plural suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-izō (plural suffix). Cognate with Dutch -er (plural ending), German -er (plural ending). See also -ren.

Suffix

-er

1. (obsolete, no longer productive) Suffix used to form the plural of a small number of English nouns.

   childer, calver, lamber, linder ("loins")

衍生词(Derived terms)

• -ren

词源4(Etymology 4)

Representing various noun-suffixes in Old French and Anglo-Norman, variously -er, -ier and -ieur, from Latin -aris, -arius, -atorium.

Suffix

-er

1. Person or thing connected with.

   ‎bottle + ‎-er → ‎butler

查看更多(See also)

• -eer

Etymology 5

From Middle English -ere, from Old English -ra, from Proto-Germanic *-izô or Proto-Germanic *-ōzô (a derivative of Etymology 6, below); related to superlative -est.

Suffix

-er

1. (added to certain adjectives and adverbs, now especially short ones) More; used to form the comparative.

   ‎long + ‎-er → ‎longer

   ‎big + ‎-er → ‎bigger

   ‎fast + ‎-er → ‎faster

   ‎simple + ‎-er → ‎simpler

用法注意(Usage notes)

• (more; used to form the comparative): Most adjectives whose comparatives are formed using the suffix -er also form their superlatives using the suffix -est.
  • Final -y preceded by a consonant becomes -i- when the suffix -er or -est is added.

    easy → easier → easiest; gray → grayer → grayest

  • When the stress is on the final (or only) syllable of the adjective, and this syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled when the suffix is added.

    dim → dimmer → dimmest

  • The suffixes -er and -est may be used to form the comparative and superlative of most adjectives and adverbs that have one syllable and some that have two or more syllables.

    hot → hotter → hottest; fast → faster → fastest; funny → funnier → funniest; sugary → sugarier → sugariest

  • Some adjectives and adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives irregularly:

    good → better → best; far → farther → farthest, or far → further → furthest, depending on the meaning

  • The comparatives and superlatives of other adverbs and adjectives that have two or more syllables, and adjectives that are participles are formed with more and most.

    rigid → more rigid → most rigid; enormous → more enormous → most enormous; burnt → more burnt → most burnt; freezing → more freezing → most freezing

  • If in doubt, use more to form the comparative and most to form the superlative; for example, thirsty may become thirstier and thirstiest, but more thirsty and most thirsty are also acceptable.
• Words ending with -ng are pronounced /ŋ/ by most dialects instead of /ŋɡ/. However, when -er or -est is added to an adjective, the /ɡ/ appears (in most dialects).

  long (/lɒŋ/) → longer (/ˈlɒŋ.ɡə(ɹ)/); young (/jʌŋ/) → youngest (/ˈjʌŋ.ɡɪst/)

翻译(Translations)

Etymology 6

From Middle English -er, from Old English -or, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz.

Suffix

-er

1. (added to certain adverbs) More; used to form the comparative.

翻译(Translations)

Etymology 7

From Middle English -eren, -ren, -rien, from Old English -erian, -rian, from Proto-Germanic *-rōną or *-izōną. Cognate with West Frisian -erje, Dutch -eren, German -eren, -ern, Danish -re, Swedish -ra.

Suffix

-er

1. (added to a verb or imitative sound) Frequently; used to form frequentative verbs.

   twitter, clamber, bicker, mutter, wander, flutter, flicker, slither, smother, sputter

同义词(Synonyms)

• (used to form frequentative): -le

翻译(Translations)

查看更多(See also)

• Frequentative on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Etymology 8

From Middle English -er, from Anglo-Norman -er, Old French -er, the infinitive verbal ending.

Suffix

-er

1. (added to a verb) Instance of (the verbal action); used to form nouns from verbs, especially in legal terms.

   ‎disclaim + ‎-er → ‎disclaimer

   ‎remit + ‎-er → ‎remitter

   ‎misname + ‎-er → ‎misnomer

   ‎rebut + ‎-er → ‎rebutter

衍生词(Derived terms)

Etymology 9

From Middle English -er, -ere (diminutive suffix). Compare -el.

Suffix

-er

1. (added to a verb or noun) Used to form diminutives.

   ‎shive + ‎-er → ‎shiver

   ‎slive + ‎-er → ‎sliver

   ‎splint + ‎-er → ‎splinter

Etymology 10

Attested in the UK since the 19th century. Originally Rugby School slang. Later adopted by Oxford University and then wider British society.

Suffix

-er

1. (originally school slang) Used to form slang or colloquial equivalents of words.

   ‎association + ‎-er → ‎soccer (“association football”)

   ‎football + ‎-er → ‎footer (“association football”)

   ‎rugby + ‎-er → ‎rugger

   ‎breakfast + ‎-er → ‎brekkers

   ‎Radcliffe + ‎-er → ‎Radder (“a building at Oxford University”)

   ‎divinity + ‎-er → ‎divvers (“the study of religion”)

衍生词(Derived terms)

• -zza

关联词(Related terms)

• -ers

翻译(Translations)

Etymology 11

From Middle English -er, from Old English -er, -or, from Proto-Germanic *-raz. Compare -le.

Suffix

-er

1. (now chiefly dialectal) A suffix creating adjectives from verbs, indicating aptitude, proneness, or tendency toward a specified action:

   ‎clive + ‎-er → ‎cliver (“apt to cleave or adhere to, tenacious, expert as seizing”)

   ‎slip + ‎-er → ‎slipper (“tending to make slip, slippery”)

   ‎wake + ‎-er → ‎waker (“tending to wake, watchful”)

同义词(Synonyms)

• -le

Etymology 12

From Chinese -兒 (-ér).

Suffix

-er

1. (fiction) Junior, child, younger person. (Attached to a name, usually a portion of the given name.) (Can we add an example for this sense?)

用法注意(Usage notes)

In Chinese-language fiction translated into English, to add a Chinese flavour (Mandarin language), some translators leave the term "-er" untranslated, left in unaccented pinyin. This practice is similar to not translating "-kun" / "-chan" / "-san" or "sensei" in English-language Japanese fiction.

相关搭配(Coordinate terms)

• -chan (similar suffix extracted from Japanese into English, when used in English-translated Japanese fiction)

查看更多(See also)

• -est
• more

来源参考(References)

• -er at OneLook Dictionary Search
• “-er” in Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001–2020.

变位词(Anagrams)

• 're, RE, Re, Ré, r.e., re, re-

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Afrikaans

词源(Etymology)

From Dutch -er.

Suffix

-er

1. -er

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Breton

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /ɛʁ/

Suffix

-er

1. person or thing that (does the action indicated by the root); used to form an agent noun.

   ‎brezhoneg (“Breton (language)”) + ‎-er → ‎brezhoneger (“Breton-speaker”)

   ‎c'hoari (“game; to play”) + ‎-er → ‎c'hoarier (“player, actor”)

   ‎tredan (“electricity”) + ‎-er → ‎tredaner (“electrician”)

衍生词(Derived terms)

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Catalan

词源(Etymology)

From Old Occitan, from Latin -ārius. Compare the borrowed doublet -ari.

发音(Pronunciation)

• (Balearic, Central) IPA^(key): /ˈ-e/
• (Valencian) IPA^(key): /ˈ-eɾ/

Suffix

-er m (plural -ers)

1. Used to form nouns meaning the location or object where something is usually found.
2. Used to form nouns meaning a plant which is cultivated to produce something.
3. Used to form nouns meaning the purpose of something or an object used for that purpose.

用法注意(Usage notes)

The equivalent suffix -era can be used to form feminine nouns with these meanings, but usually only the masculine or feminine form will be found in Catalan.

Suffix

-er (feminine -era, masculine plural -ers, feminine plural -eres)

1. Used to form nouns and adjectives referring to an inhabitant of somewhere.
2. Used to form nouns and adjectives referring to engaging in a profession.
3. Used to form nouns and adjectives referring to being prone to some activity or characteristic.

用法注意(Usage notes)

Because these senses are used to form adjectives of two forms or nouns referring to animate objects, both the masculine and feminine forms will be found in Catalan, with the lemma entry found at the masculine form.

查看更多(See also)

• -dor

衍生词(Derived terms)

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Chuukese

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛɾ/

Suffix

-er

1. (added to possessive nouns) their
2. (added to verbs as an indirect object) them

关联词(Related terms)

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Danish

Suffix

-er

1. Forms agent nouns from verbs, with the sense "someone or something that [verb]s".
2. Forms plural forms of many nouns.
3. Forms the present tense of many verbs.
4. Forms demonyms.

   ‎Berlin + ‎-er → ‎berliner

   ‎Paris + ‎-er → ‎pariser

5. Forms informal action nouns from verbs.
6. (especially definite) Forms informal abbreviations of nouns, with elision.

   ‎hotdog + ‎-er → ‎hotter

   ‎fjernsyn (“television”) + ‎-er → ‎fjerner

7. Forms a piece of currency from numbers.

   ‎fem (“five”) + ‎-er → ‎femmer (“fiver, five pounds/dollars/kroner/etc.”)

8. Forms a die throw result from numbers.

   Du skal slå mindst en treer for at komme videre.

   You must throw at least a three to move on.

用法注意(Usage notes)

Senses 1 and 3 often lead to heteronymic pairs. For example, from løbe (“run”) [ˈløːb̥ə] comes løber (“runs”) [ˈløːˀb̥ɐ] (verb form) and løber (“runner”) [ˈløːb̥ɐ] (noun), distinguished by stød.

衍生词(Derived terms)

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Dutch

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -der

词源1(Etymology 1)

From Old Dutch *-āri, -ere, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, borrowed from Latin -ārius. Cognate with Dutch -aar.^[1]

Suffix

-er m (plural -ers, feminine -ster)

1. Forms agent nouns from verbs.

   ‎hoeden + ‎-er → ‎hoeder

   ‎spelen + ‎-er → ‎speler

   Synonym: -aar

2. Forms nouns for a person associated with something.

   ‎schip + ‎-er → ‎schipper

衍生词(Derived terms)

派生词(Descendants)

• Afrikaans: -er

词源2(Etymology 2)

From Old Dutch *-āri, -ere, from Proto-Germanic *warjaz.

Suffix

-er

1. Forms nouns denoting male inhabitants or residents of a place.

   Een Amsterdammer

   A (male) inhabitant of Amsterdam

   Synonym: -aar

2. Formings adjectives denoting something originating from a place.

   Het Groninger museum

   The museum of Groningen

   Synonym: -s

反义词(Antonyms)

• (male inhabitant): -se (“female inhabitant”)

词源3(Etymology 3)

From Old Dutch -iro, -oro, from Proto-Germanic *-izô, *-ōzô.

Suffix

-er

1. Forms the comparative form of adjectives.

衍生词(Derived terms)

来源参考(References)

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French

词源(Etymology)

From Latin -āre.

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /e/

Suffix

-er

1. Forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs

用法注意(Usage notes)

• Many of these verbs are directly descended from Latin, rather than from stem + suffix.

动词变化形式(Conjugation)

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German

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): [ɐ]

词源1(Etymology 1)

From Middle High German -ære, -er, from Old High German -āri, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, from Latin -arius.^[1]

Suffix

-er m (plural -er)

1. Forms agent nouns etc. from verbs, suffixed to the verb stem.

   ‎arbeiten (“to work”) + ‎-er → ‎Arbeiter (“worker”)

   ‎bohren (“to drill”) + ‎-er → ‎Bohrer (“drill”)

2. indicating something defined by a number; in the plural often all numbers with the same first digits

   ‎16 + ‎-er → ‎16er (“the 16, the 16er, e.g. a bus, a football player, etc.”)

   ‎200 + ‎-er → ‎200er (“200s, e.g. several 200-euro notes, or the list items 200 to 299, etc.”)

   ‎1990 + ‎-er → ‎1990er (“1990s, the years 1990 to 1999”)

变化形式(Declension)

衍生词(Derived terms)

关联词(Related terms)

• -ler

词源2(Etymology 2)

From Middle High German -er, a plural ending for some neuter nouns

Suffix

-er

1. Used to form the plurals of some nouns.

用法注意(Usage notes)

• The plural ending -er is used in a fairly large number of neuters (including all those in -tum) and a small number of masculines.

词源3(Etymology 3)

From Middle High German -ære, -er, from Old High German -āri, from Proto-Germanic *warjaz.

Suffix

-er m

1. Forms nouns indicating an inhabitant of a place, or a person originating from a place.

变化形式(Declension)

衍生词(Derived terms)

词源4(Etymology 4)

Probably originated from the prepositioned genitive plural, e.g.: der Berliner Pfannkuchen = "the Berliners’ pancake", and then "the Berlin(er) pancake", reanalysed as an adjective instead of a noun and seen as being in the nominative singular due to the ambiguity of the definite article der since the masculine nominative singular and the genitive plural forms of the definite article are homophonous.^[2][3]

Suffix

-er

1. Forms invariable adjectives from place names, with a genitival meaning, indicating origin from or association with that place.

用法注意(Usage notes)

• In contemporary German, words formed with this suffix -er are written with a capital letter (§ 61 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2006 (and also 2011, 2017, 2018)), e.g. ein Berliner Pfannkuchen. In the past, they were sometimes written with a lowercase letter like most other adjectives, e.g. ein berliner Pfannkuchen.^[4]
• In case of placenames which are written with a space, the derived word can be written with a space or with a hyphen (§ 49 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2011), e.g. Bad Schandau → Bad Schandauer or Bad-Schandauer.

衍生词(Derived terms)

来源参考(References)

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Latin

发音(Pronunciation)

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /er/, [ɛr]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /er/, [ɛr]

Suffix

-er

1. first-person singular present passive subjunctive of -ō

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Luxembourgish

词源(Etymology)

From a Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, from Latin -ārius.

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /eʀ/, [ɐ]

Suffix

-er

1. -er (suffix used to form agent nouns from verbs)

衍生词(Derived terms)

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Middle Dutch

词源(Etymology)

From Old Dutch -iro, -oro, from Proto-Germanic *-izô, *-ōzô.

Suffix

-er

1. -er. Forms the comparative of adjectives.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -re

衍生词(Derived terms)

See Category:Middle Dutch adjective comparative forms.

关联词(Related terms)

• -st

派生词(Descendants)

• Dutch: -er

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Middle French

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -ier (typically early Middle French)

词源1(Etymology 1)

From Old French -ier, -er, from Latin -are.

Suffix

-er

1. Forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs

用法注意(Usage notes)

• Many of these verbs are directly descended from Latin, rather than from stem + suffix

派生词(Descendants)

• French: -ier

词源2(Etymology 2)

From Old French -ier.

Suffix

-er

1. Forms nouns, often denoting professions

   boucher

   butcher

派生词(Descendants)

• French: -ier
• → English: -eer

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Norman

Suffix

-er

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

衍生词(Derived terms)

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Northern Kurdish

Suffix

-er

1. Used to form nouns referring to doer or who works on something.

   ‎bû (“to be”) + ‎-er → ‎bûyer (“event”)

   ‎destpêkirin (“to start”) + ‎-er → ‎destpêker (“starter”)

衍生词(Derived terms)

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Norwegian Bokmål

词源(Etymology)

From Old Norse -ari.

发音(Pronunciation)

Suffix

-er

1. (added to verbs) person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb
2. (added to place names) person or thing that originates in the place indicated by the place name
3. (added to numbers) order, position, value or similar indicated by the numeral

衍生词(Derived terms)

来源参考(References)

• “-er” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

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Norwegian Nynorsk

Suffix

-er

1. Used to form indefinite plurals for most feminine nouns.
2. Used to form indefinite plurals for some masculine nouns.
3. Used to form present tense for one class of weak verbs.
4. (obsolete) Used to form present tense for strong verbs.

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Old English

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /er/

Suffix

-er

1. Alternative form of -or

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Old French

词源1(Etymology 1)

From Latin -āre.

Suffix

-er

1. Alternative form of -ier, verbal suffix

用法注意(Usage notes)

• All varieties of Old French use -er but it's more common in Anglo-Norman than in France, specifically before certain consonants such as c and g.

词源2(Etymology 2)

From Latin -ārius.

Suffix

-er

1. (chiefly Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of -ier, suffix indicating a profession

   falconer, fauconer

   falconer

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Old Frisian

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -ere

词源1(Etymology 1)

From Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz, from Proto-Indo-European *ís. Cognates include Old High German er, Old Norse er and Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is).

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /ˈer/

代词(Pronoun)

-er

1. enclitic nominative of hī

派生词(Descendants)

• West Frisian: er

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Old Swedish

词源(Etymology)

From Old Norse -r.

Suffix

-er

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

   fisker

   fish

   dø̄ver

   deaf

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Portuguese

词源(Etymology)

From Latin -ēre.

发音(Pronunciation)

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈeɾ/
• (Paulistano) IPA^(key): /ˈe(ɾ)/
• (Caipira) IPA^(key): /ˈeɻ/
• (Carioca, Nordestino) IPA^(key): /ˈe(ʁ)/

Suffix

-er

1. The infinitive of the second class (-er class) of verbs.

动词变化形式(Conjugation)

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Spanish

词源(Etymology)

From Latin -ēre.

Suffix

-er

1. The infinitive suffix for many verbs.

动词变化形式(Conjugation)

查看更多(See also)

• -ar
• -ir
• Appendix:Spanish verbs in -er

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Swedish

Suffix

-er

1. One of two suffixes for indefinite plural for nouns of the third declension (common and neuter); the second one is -r
2. Suffix for present tense, active voice, indicative mood for one of the groups of Swedish verbs

查看更多(See also)

plural suffix

• -or
• -ar
• -r
• -n

present tense suffix

• -r (-ar)
• -as

变位词(Anagrams)

• -re, re-

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Turkish

词源1(Etymology 1)

From Ottoman Turkish ر‎ (-r, -er), from Proto-Turkic *-er. Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰼‎ (-r, -er).

Suffix

-er

1. Simple present and aorist tense marker
2. Makes adjectives out of verbs
3. Makes nouns out of verbs

   ‎kes- (“to cut”) + ‎-er → ‎keser (“adze”)

   Yağmur diner gibi oldu. ― The rain seems to be stopping.

衍生词(Derived terms)

关联词(Related terms)

• -r
• -ar
• -ir
• -mez

词源2(Etymology 2)

From Proto-Turkic [Term?].

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -şer

Suffix

-er

1. suffix for distributive numbers

   bir → birer

   üç → üçer

   dört → dörder

用法注意(Usage notes)

• Becomes -şer when used after vowel-final words, such as iki (“two”) → ikişer.

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Welsh

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /ɛr/

Suffix

-er

1. (literary) verb suffix for the impersonal present subjunctive
2. (literary) verb suffix for the impersonal imperative