【-en】在多语言下的意思、翻译、词源、用法、例句

英语(English)

发音(Pronunciation)

• (usually) IPA^(key): /ən/, /n̩/

• Audio (Southern England)

• In many accents, -en routinely gives up its vowel syllable when given additional suffixes. For example, fatten /ˈfæt.n̩/ + -ing /-ɪŋ/ can be /ˈfæt.n̩.ɪŋ/ or /ˈfæt.nɪŋ/.
  • Even in many accents where this habitual syllable deletion is less usual, the syllable loss may still predominate for certain inflections that have become common words in their own right, such as gardener /ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/.
  • Syllable loss may be habitually prevented to avoid merging with more deeply entrenched inflections, such as for keeping the generic inflection lightening /ˈlaɪt.n̩.ɪŋ/ from being pronounced identically to the established term lightning /ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ (notice the e is no longer written), even if they both independently derived from a combination of lighten + -ing.
    • But syllable loss may resume with inflections that are not in danger of merging with an established word, such as enlightening, which can be pronounced /ɛnˈlaɪt.n̩.ɪŋ/ or /ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ because enlightning is not a common word outside of slang.

词源1(Etymology 1)

From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)). From Proto-Norse *-ᛁᚾᚨ- (*-ina-), from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. Replaced the native past participle ending of strong verbs (from Old English -en) in some words, which had weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -n

Suffix

-en

1. (no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb.

   ‎take + ‎-en → ‎taken

   ‎forgive + ‎-en → ‎forgiven

   ‎prove + ‎-en → ‎proven

2. Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb.

   ‎fork + ‎-en → ‎forken (“forked”)

   ‎pave + ‎-en → ‎paven (“paved”)

   ‎barefoot + ‎-en → ‎bare-footen (“bare-footed”)

   ‎enslave + ‎-en → ‎enslaven (“enslaved”)

用法注意(Usage notes)

Some linguistic writing on English, such as The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, uses -en as the name of an abstract morpheme which forms the past participle of all English verbs, even those which do not actually contain the suffix -en, such as cook + -en → cooked.

衍生词(Derived terms)

词源2(Etymology 2)

From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-, *-in-, from Proto-Indo-European *-én-.

From Middle English -n (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen "flea: fleas") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of Middle English), from Old English nominative-accusative plural ending of weak nouns (n-stem declension); compare ‎nama m (“name”) + ‎-en → ‎naman (“names”); ‎hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + ‎-en → ‎hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”); ‎ēare n (“ear”) + ‎-en → ‎ēaran (“ears”). Assisted by Middle English dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier -um. Akin to Old High German n-stem (compare namo: namon "name: names"), Latin n-stem (compare homo: homin-)

Suffix

-en

1. Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages.

   Examples in general modern use:

   ‎aurochs + ‎-en → ‎aurochsen^[1]

   ‎brother + ‎-en → ‎brethren (religious sense)^[1]

   ‎child + ‎-en → ‎children^[1]

   ‎ox + ‎-en → ‎oxen^[1]

   Archaic examples:

   ‎bee + ‎-en → ‎been

   ‎cheese + ‎-en → ‎cheesen

   ‎ky (“cow”) + ‎-en → ‎kine

   ‎knee + ‎-en → ‎kneen

   ‎ey + ‎-en → ‎eyren

   ‎eye + ‎-en → ‎eyen

   ‎horse + ‎-en → ‎horsen

   ‎hose + ‎-en → ‎hosen

   ‎house + ‎-en → ‎housen

   ‎pease + ‎-en → ‎peasen

   ‎shoe + ‎-en → ‎shoon

   ‎sister + ‎-en → ‎sistren

   ‎tree + ‎-en → ‎treen

   • 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:

     Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.

2. (nonstandard, rare, often humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns.

   ‎box + ‎-en → ‎boxen

   • 2007, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology:

     There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.

   • 2012, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened:

     Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.

   • 2015, David Greygoose, Brunt Boggart:

     For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.

用法注意(Usage notes)

• Seldom productive, outside of occasional humorous use, particularly in computer hacker subculture. Notable examples are boxen, Unixen, VAXen.
• This ending is also found on some plurals that were borrowed intact from Dutch or German, like klompen, lagerstätten, lederhosen.

衍生词(Derived terms)

• See also: Category:English plurals ending in "-en"

词源3(Etymology 3)

From Middle English -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from Old English -nian, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na.

Suffix

-en

1. When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, "to give (noun) to", or "to become like (noun)".

   ‎white (adjective) + ‎-en → ‎whiten

   ‎quick + ‎-en → ‎quicken

   ‎strength (noun) + ‎-en → ‎strengthen

   ‎haste + ‎-en → ‎hasten

   ‎night + ‎-en → ‎nighten

用法注意(Usage notes)

• Although -en is a very common verb ending, it is not currently very productive in forming new words, being mostly restricted to monosyllabic bases which end in an obstruent; new formations tend to be nonstandard or humorous.

衍生词(Derived terms)

翻译(Translations)

词源4(Etymology 4)

From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning "made of, consisting of, having the qualities of" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -in

Suffix

-en

1. Suffix meaning "pertaining to", "having the qualities of", "resembling", "like".

   ‎elf + ‎-en → ‎elfin

   ‎wolf + ‎-en → ‎wolven

   ‎peach + ‎-en → ‎peachen

   ‎goat + ‎-en → ‎goaten

2. When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). This is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the "e" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language.

   Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense:

   ‎wood + ‎-en → ‎wooden

   ‎gold + ‎-en → ‎golden

   ‎wheat + ‎-en → ‎wheaten

   ‎oat + ‎-en → ‎oaten

   ‎silk + ‎-en → ‎silken

   ‎earth + ‎-en → ‎earthen

   ‎flax + ‎-en → ‎flaxen

   ‎lead + ‎-en → ‎leaden

   ‎wool + ‎-en → ‎woollen

   ‎oak + ‎-en → ‎oaken

   Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:

   ‎brass + ‎-en → ‎brazen ("shameless")

   Rare or archaic examples:

   ‎ash + ‎-en → ‎ashen ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current)

   ‎box + ‎-en → ‎boxen ("made of boxwood")

   ‎bronze + ‎-en → ‎bronzen

   ‎silver + ‎-en → ‎silvern

   ‎cedar + ‎-en → ‎cedarn

   ‎leather + ‎-en → ‎leathern

   ‎copper + ‎-en → ‎coppern

   ‎paper + ‎-en → ‎papern

   ‎brick + ‎-en → ‎bricken

   ‎board + ‎-en → ‎boarden

   ‎tree + ‎-en → ‎treen

   ‎hemp + ‎-en → ‎hempen

   Orphan examples:

   ‎line (“flax”) + ‎-en → ‎linen

衍生词(Derived terms)

Etymology 5

From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from the neuter form of -en₄.

Suffix

-en

1. Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns.

   ‎chick + ‎-en → ‎chicken

   ‎maid + ‎-en → ‎maiden

衍生词(Derived terms)

查看更多(See also)

• -ock
• -ling

Etymology 6

From Middle English -en, a blending of Old English infinitives -an and -n, from Proto-Germanic *-aną; and Old English -on and -en, the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs.

Suffix

-en

1. (obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs.
   • c. 1593, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third:[…]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies[…] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

     The Sonne compell'd, beene Butcher to the Sire […]

   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Qveene.[…], London: […] [John Wolfe] for VVilliam Ponsonbie, OCLC 960102938, (please specify the book):

     As gentle Shepheard in sweete euen-tide, When ruddy Phoebus gins to welke in west, High on an hill, his flocke to vewen wide […]

   • c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre.[…]‎^[1], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon, […], published 1609, OCLC 78596089, [Act II, (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals)]:

     From others' labours; for though he strive
     To killen bad, keep good alive;

   • 1844, William Barnes, “Bringen Wonne Gwäin O' Zundays”, in Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect.
2. (obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs.
   • 1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], The Shepheardes Calender:[…], London: […] Hugh Singleton,[…], OCLC 606515406; reprinted as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, The Shepheardes Calender[…], London: John C. Nimmo,[…], 1890, OCLC 890162479:

     And when the shining sunne laugheth once,
     You deemen the spring is come attonce.
     Tho gynne you, fond flyes, the cold to scorne,
     And, crowing in pypes made of greene corne,
     You thinken to be lords of the yeare.

   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Qveene.[…], London: […] [John Wolfe] for VVilliam Ponsonbie, OCLC 960102938, book I, canto IV:

     So forth they marchen in this goodly sort,
     To take the solace of the open aire,

   • c. 1595–1596, William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act II, scene i]:

     And then the whole quire hold their hips and laugh,
     And waxen in their mirth and neeze and swear
     A merrier hour was never wasted there.

   • c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre.[…]‎^[2], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon, […], published 1609, OCLC 78596089, [Act II, (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals)]:

     All perishen of man, of pelf,
     Ne aught escapen but himself;

用法注意(Usage notes)

• Having begun to fade by the 15th century, it was used in Early Modern English primarily to show archaic or rustic speech.
• The weakening and loss of the marker caused some verbs to blend with verbs marked by Etymology 3; for example, Middle English leren (“to teach”) blended with lernen (“to learn”), which resulted in learn having a (dialectal) double meaning.

来源参考(References)

变位词(Anagrams)

• -ne-, NE, Ne., ne, ne., né, nê

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Basque

词源1(Etymology 1)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-en

1. Used to form the superlative form of adjectives.

   ‎handi (“big”) + ‎-en → ‎handien (“biggest”)

   ‎zahar (“old”) + ‎-en → ‎zaharren (“oldest”)

衍生词(Derived terms)

词源2(Etymology 2)

Suffix

-en

1. Used to form the plural genitive of nouns and adjectives.

   ‎ahizpa (“sister”) + ‎-en → ‎ahizpen (“of the sisters, the sisters'”)

2. Used to form the indefinite genitive of nouns and adjectives ending in a consonant.

   ‎txakur (“dog”) + ‎-en → ‎txakurren (“of some dogs, some dogs'”)

词源3(Etymology 3)

Conjunction

-en

1. Alternative form of -n.

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Chuukese

词源(Etymology)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-en

1. of

同义词(Synonyms)

• -un

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Danish

词源(Etymology)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-en

1. Forms the singular definite form of nouns of the common gender.
2. Forms gerunds from verbs, these nouns being indeclinable and of the common gender.
3. (organic chemistry) Identifies an alkene, these being of either the common or the neuter gender; -ene.
4. (obsolete) Forms adverbs from adjectives, now displaced by -t.

   hjerteligen, antageligen

用法注意(Usage notes)

• If the noun from which the singular definite is formed already ends in an unstressed schwa, this is not doubled: kage, kagen (but if the -e is stressed, a schwa is appended normally: ske, skeen; allé, alléen). If it ends with a consonant and the last vowel is short, the last consonant is usually doubled in native and nativized words, if it is one of {k, l, m, n, p, s, t}: hat, hatten. This is however not a reliable rule.

衍生词(Derived terms)

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Dutch

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /ə(n)/
• In Belgium and most of the Netherlands, the final -n is silent except optionally in enunciation and as a hiatus breaker before a (typically unstressed) vowel in the following word. In parts of the north-eastern Netherlands, however, the /n/ is commonly sounded and may become syllabic [m̩], [n̩], [ŋ̍] (as in German, see below).

词源1(Etymology 1)

Primarily from weak class 2, from Middle Dutch -en, from Old Dutch -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti (denominative) and *-h₂ti (factitive).

Suffix

-en

1. Forms verbs from nouns and adjectives. The stem of the word itself does not change.

Inflection

For verb stems ending in a voiced consonant:

Inflection of -en (weak)
infinitive	-en
past singular	-de
past participle	ge- -d
infinitive	-en
gerund	-en n
	present tense	past tense
1st person singular	-	-de
2nd person sing. (jij)	-t	-de
2nd person sing. (u)	-t	-de
2nd person sing. (gij)	-t	-de
3rd person singular	-t	-de
plural	-en	-den
subjunctive sing.1	-e	-de
subjunctive plur.1	-en	-den
imperative sing.	-
imperative plur.1	-t
participles	-end	ge- -d
1) Archaic.

For verb stems ending in a voiceless consonant:

Inflection of -en (weak)
infinitive	-en
past singular	-te
past participle	ge- -t
infinitive	-en
gerund	-en n
	present tense	past tense
1st person singular	-	-te
2nd person sing. (jij)	-t	-te
2nd person sing. (u)	-t	-te
2nd person sing. (gij)	-t	-te
3rd person singular	-t	-te
plural	-en	-ten
subjunctive sing.1	-e	-te
subjunctive plur.1	-en	-ten
imperative sing.	-
imperative plur.1	-t
participles	-end	ge- -t
1) Archaic.

衍生词(Derived terms)

词源2(Etymology 2)

From Middle Dutch -ijn, -in, -en, from Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

Suffix

-en

1. Forms adjectives that indicate the substance from which something is made.

Inflection

Inflection of -en
uninflected	-en
inflected	-en
comparative	—
		positive
predicative/adverbial
indefinite	m./f. sing.	-en
	n. sing.	-en
	plural	-en
definite		-en
partitive

衍生词(Derived terms)

词源3(Etymology 3)

From Middle Dutch -en, a merger of various Old Dutch infinitive suffixes:

• The strong infinitive -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
• The weak class 1 infinitive -en, -ien, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.
• The weak class 2 infinitive -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.

Suffix

-en

1. Ending of the infinitive form of verbs.

词源4(Etymology 4)

From Middle Dutch -en, from Old Dutch -an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.

Suffix

-en

1. The ending of the past participle of strong verbs. This can also function as an adjective.

Inflection

Inflection of -en
uninflected	-en
inflected	-en
comparative	-ener
		positive	comparative	superlative
predicative/adverbial		-en	-ener	het -enst het -enste
indefinite	m./f. sing.	-en	-ener	-enste
	n. sing.	-en	-ener	-enste
	plural	-en	-ener	-enste
definite		-en	-ener	-enste
partitive		-ens	-eners	—

Etymology 5

From various case forms of the Germanic weak nominal inflection.

Suffix

-en

1. The ending of the plural form of many nouns.
2. Taken by adjectives used as nouns, to form the plural form of such nouns.

   ‎groot + ‎-en → ‎de groten (“the great ones”)

3. (archaic, not productive) The ending of a number of weak case endings of the adjective or the article.

   ‎een + ‎-en → ‎ten enen male

4. (archaic, not productive) The ending of the genitive case of certain nouns.

   ‎de hertog + ‎-en → ‎des hertogen, a genitive preserved in 's-Hertogenbosch

Etymology 6

From various first- and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.

Suffix

-en

1. The ending of the plural forms of verbs, in both present and past tense.

Etymology 7

From Old Dutch -ana, from Proto-Germanic *-anē.

Suffix

-en

1. A suffix present on certain adverbs.

   ‎voor + ‎-en → ‎van voren (“from the front”)

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Emilian

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /en/

代词(Pronoun)

-en (adverbial)

1. (enclitic, after a consonant) Alternative form of in

   Mānjen un pōk! ― Eat some of it! (imperative, singular)

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Finnish

Suffix

-en

1. Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.
2. Suffix for the genitive plural. Usually preceded by the plural marker -i- or -j-, but may also have a consonant separator -d- after the plural marker if the words would otherwise have 3 consecutive vowels.
3. (personal) Forms the impersonal potential present forms of verbs, appended to the infinitive, followed by the potential mood marker -ne-.

   Verbs with a consonant stem (ending in -hda/-hdä, -lla/-llä, -nna/-nnä, -rra/-rrä, -sta/-stä, -ta/-tä in the citation form) are followed by -ta-, the mood marker -ne- and -en.

   juosta, consonant stem juos- + -ta- + -ne- + -en → juostaneen

   mennä, consonant stem men- + -tä- + -ne- + -en → mentäneen

   nähdä, consonant stem näh- + -tä- + -ne- + -en → nähtäneen

   palella, consonant stem palel- + -ta- + -ne- + -en → paleltaneen

   haluta, consonant stem halut- + -ta- + -ne- + -en → haluttaneen

   In verbs ending in -ea/-eä, -oa/-öä, -ua/-yä, the verb stem in the weak grade is followed by -tta-/-ttä, the mood marker -ne- and then by this.

   laskea, stem laske- + -tta- + -ne- + -en → laskettaneen

   iskeä, stem iske- + -ttä- + -ne- + -en → iskettäneen

   sanoa, stem sano- + -tta- + -ne- + -en → sanottaneen

   kertoa, stem ker- + -to- → -ro- + -tta + -en → kerrottaneen

   huolestua, stem huolestu- + -tta- + -ne- + -en → huolestuttaneen

   saapua, stem saa- + -pu- → -vu- + -tta- + -ne- + -en → saavuttaneen

   säilöä, stem säilö- + -ttä- + -ne- + -en → säilöttäneen

   säilyä, stem säily- + -ttä- + -ne- + -en → säilyttäneen

   häipyä, stem häi- + -py- → -vy- + -ttä- + -ne- + -en → häivyttäneen

   In verbs ending in -aa/-ää or -ea/-eä, the beginning stem is followed by -etta-, the mood marker -ne- and then by this — consonant gradation occurs.

   paistaa, stem paist- + -etta- + -ne- + -en → paistettaneen

   laittaa, stem lait- (another t disappears) + -etta- + -ne- + -en → laitettaneen

   vaihtaa, stem vaih- + -t- → -d- + -etta- + -en- → vaihdettaneen

4. (possessive) A variant for the third-person possessive suffixes -nsa and -nsä, see the usage notes below.

用法注意(Usage notes)

• (third-person possessive suffix variant) When the third-person possessive suffix -nsa/-nsä is appended to nouns that are in singular and plural allative and translative and plural comitative, the S and A/Ä are very often omitted from the suffix and the last E of the case suffix preceding the remaining N is doubled — resulting in this -en. In standard Finnish, both the "full" form and the shortened form are acceptable. This same omission takes very often place also in the long first infinitives, used in a shortened sentence expressing "(in order) to do" (see the meanings of -nsa and -nsä):

变位词(Anagrams)

• -ne, -ne-, ne

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German

词源1(Etymology 1)

From Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different conjugational patterns, namely -an, -ōn, -en (-ien), and -nen, from Proto-Germanic *-aną, *-ōną, *-janą, *-āną, and *-naną.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -n (after -er, -el; in Herrn, sein, tun, and some dated/poetic/colloquial forms such as gehn, stehn)
• -'n (alternatively in the dated/poetic/colloquial forms)

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /ən/
  • IPA^(key): [ən] (possible in all contexts, but rare in most regions)
  • IPA^(key): [m̩] (after labial stops and sometimes labial nasals and fricatives)
  • IPA^(key): [ŋ̍] (after velar stops and sometimes velar nasals and fricatives)
  • IPA^(key): [l̩n] (with -l- after a full vowel)
  • IPA^(key): [ɐn] (with -r- after a full vowel)
  • IPA^(key): [n̩] (otherwise)

Suffix

-en

1. A suffix of verbs in their infinitive form.

   Accordingly, the suffix is also applied to verbs borrowed from other languages, and may be understood as the suffix for denominal verbs in general (actually -∅ derivation or conversion plus an inflectional suffix that happens to be part of the citation form of a German verb).

   ‎Foul + ‎-en → ‎foulen (“to foul”)

   managen ― to manage

2. A suffix indicating the 1st and 3rd person plural forms (except the present indicative sind of sein).

   wir kommen ― we arrive

   sie kommen ― they arrive

3. A suffix appended to strong verb stems to form the past participle, usually together with ge-.

   fallen + ge- and -en → gefallen

词源2(Etymology 2)

From Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different declensional patterns.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -n (after -er, -el in nouns, but not usually in adjectives)

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /ən/ (variants as in etymology 1)

Suffix

-en

1. A suffix appended to some nouns in all of their plural forms. These nouns are so-called “weak” or “mixed” nouns; they are most often feminine, often masculine, rarely neuter.
2. A suffix appended to weak masculine nouns in all oblique cases of the singular, and to some mixed nouns in the singular dative and accusative
3. A suffix appended to most other nouns, the so-called “strong” nouns, in their plural dative
4. A suffix (in fact, the most common declensional ending) which is appended to determiners, adjectives, and participles, for multiple forms of all grammatical cases, both singular and plural.

查看更多(See also)

• (plural suffix): -e, -er, -s

词源3(Etymology 3)

From Middle High German -en, from Old High German -īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -n (after -er, -el)
• -ern

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /ən/ (variants as in etymology 1)

Suffix

-en

1. A suffix which is used to create adjectives that most often refer to materials

   ‎Gold (“gold”, noun) + ‎-en → ‎golden (“gold, golden”, adjective)

词源4(Etymology 4)

From the Ancient Greek -ηνός (-ēnós) feminine patronymic suffix.

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /ˈeːn/

Suffix

-en

1. (chemistry) -ene (alkene suffix)

衍生词(Derived terms)

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Hungarian

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): [ɛn]
• Rhymes: -ɛn

词源1(Etymology 1)

Pronominal adverbs from case suffixes (cf. postpositions)
ed	suffix	who?	what?	this	that	he/she (it)*
case							v. pr.	c.
nom.	–	ki	mi	ez	az	ő* / ∅ az / ∅	–	–
acc.	-t / -ot / -at / -et / -öt	kit	mit	ezt	azt	őt* / ∅ azt / ∅	–	c1 c2
dat.	-nak / -nek	kinek	minek	ennek	annak	neki	neki-	c
ins.	-val / -vel	kivel	mivel	ezzel/ evvel	azzal/ avval	vele		c
c-f.	-ért	kiért	miért	ezért	azért	érte	–	c
tra.	-vá / -vé	kivé	mivé	ezzé	azzá	–	–	c
ter.	-ig	–	meddig	eddig	addig	–	–	c
e-f.	-ként	(kiként)	(miként)	ekként	akként	–	–	c
e-m.	-ul / -ül	–	–	–	–	–	–	c
ine.	-ban / -ben	kiben	miben	ebben	abban	benne	–	c
sup.	-n/-on/-en/-ön	kin	min	ezen	azon	rajta	(rajta-)	c
ade.	-nál / -nél	kinél	minél	ennél	annál	nála	–	c
ill.	-ba / -be	kibe	mibe	ebbe	abba	bele	bele-	c
sub.	-ra / -re	kire	mire	erre	arra	rá	rá-	c
all.	-hoz/-hez/-höz	kihez	mihez	ehhez	ahhoz	hozzá	hozzá-	c
el.	-ból / -ből	kiből	miből	ebből	abból	belőle	–	c
del.	-ról / -ről	kiről	miről	erről	arról	róla	–	c
abl.	-tól / -től	kitől	mitől	ettől	attól	tőle	–	c
*: Ő and őt refer to human beings; the forms below them might be construed likewise. – Forms in parentheses are uncommon. All »

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-en

1. (case suffix) on. Used to form the superessive case.

   szék (“chair”) → széken (“on the chair”)

用法注意(Usage notes)

• (case suffix) Harmonic variants:

  -n is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -on is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -en is added to unrounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ön is added to rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

查看更多(See also)

• Category:Hungarian words taking -n/-on/-en/-ön
• Category:Hungarian noun forms

词源2(Etymology 2)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-en

1. (deadjectival adverb suffix) Added to an adjective to create an adverb.

   szép (“beautiful”) → szépen (“beautifully”)

   könnyű (“light, easy”) → könnyen (“easily”)

   bő (“ample”) → bőven (“amply”)

   hű (“faithful”) → híven (“faithfully”), aside from the regular hűen

2. (denumeral and depronominal adverb suffix) Added to a numeral or a pronoun with this sense to create an adverb, expressing the number of people.

   kettő (“two”) → ketten (“two people, two of us/you/them”)

   Ketten vannak a szobában. ― There are two people in the room.

   öt (“five”) → öten (“five people, five of us/you/them”)

   hét (“seven”) → heten (“seven people, seven of us/you/them”)

   Heten mentünk moziba. ― Seven of us went to the cinema.

   kevés (“few”) → kevesen (“few people, few of us/you/them”)

   Sokan vannak a meghívottak, de kevesen a választottak. ― For many are called, but few are chosen.

   ezer (“thousand”) → ezren (“a thousand people, a thousand of us/you/them”)

用法注意(Usage notes)

• (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) Harmonic variants:

  -n is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -an is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -on is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. könnyű) or supplemented with a consonant (e.g. bő, hű).

• (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Harmonic variants:

  -n is added to some (very few) words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -an is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. kettő).

衍生词(Derived terms)

词源3(Etymology 3)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-en

1. Added to a stem — often an onomatopoeia — to form a verb expressing an instantaneous action.

   reccsen (“to crackle, to make one cracking sound”)

   retten (“to be frightened, to recoil, to flinch, to shy away from”)

用法注意(Usage notes)

• Harmonic variants:

  -on is added to some back-vowel words

  -an is added to back-vowel words

  -en is added to front-vowel words

衍生词(Derived terms)

词源4(Etymology 4)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-en

1. (personal suffix, chiefly dialectal or archaic) Indefinite third-person singular suffix (currently only in the imperative mood as part of -jen, formerly also occurring in the indicative).

   nincsen (“he/she/it isn't, there is none of it”)

   van/lenni (“to be”) → legyen (“he/she/it should be, there should be”)

   kér (“to ask/request”) → kérjen (“he/she/it should ask for some[thing]”)

   megy (“to go”) → megyen (“he/she/it goes, is going”) (in the standard language: megy)

   vesz (“to take/grab”) → veszen (“he/she/it takes/grabs”) (in the standard language: vesz)

   visz (“to take/carry”) → viszen (“he/she/it takes/carries”) (in the standard language: visz)

用法注意(Usage notes)

• Harmonic variants:

  -on is added to back-vowel words

  -en is added to unrounded front-vowel words

  -ön is added to rounded front-vowel words

查看更多(See also)

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

查看更多(Further reading)

• László Honti (Q13780671): A magyar nyelv 3. személyeket jelölő morfémái (“Third-person morphemes in Hungarian”). In: Nyelvtudományi Közlemények, vol. 116, Budapest, 2020, pp. 7–70.
• (suffix of the adverb of number): Rounds, Carol. Hungarian: an Essential Grammar. London / New York: Routledge. 2001. →ISBN. Preview at Google Books, p. 189 (p. 204 in the PDF)

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Japanese

罗马化(Romanization)

-en

1. Rōmaji transcription of えん

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Low German

词源1(Etymology 1)

From Middle Low German -inge, from Old Saxon -unga, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Dutch -ing, Swedish -ning, German -ung, English -ing.

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /ən/

Suffix

-en f

1. forms nouns from verbs (called gerunds) or other nouns, usually describing either an event in which an action is carried out, or the result of that action; the equivalent of English -ing

   ‎bedüden (“to mean”) + ‎-en → ‎de Bedüden (“the meaning”)

   ‎Huus (“house”) + ‎-en → ‎de Hüsen (“the dwelling”)

衍生词(Derived terms)

词源2(Etymology 2)

From Middle Low German -en, a blending of Old Saxon infinitives -an, -ian and -on, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.

Suffix

-en

1. Used to form the infinitive of verbs.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -'n

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Luxembourgish

词源(Etymology)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /en/, [ən]

Suffix

-en

1. Used for some nouns to form plural forms.
2. Used to show the infinitive form of verbs.
3. A suffix which is used to create adjectives that refer to materials

用法注意(Usage notes)

The suffix -en, like any ending that involves either -n or -nn, is subject to the Eifeler Regel. For example, Versioune weisen.

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Middle Dutch

词源1(Etymology 1)

A merger of various infinitive suffixes:

• The strong infinitive Old Dutch -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
• The weak class 1 infinitive Old Dutch -en, -ien, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.
• The weak class 2 infinitive Old Dutch -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.

Suffix

-en

1. The ending of the infinitive form of verbs, used as a suffix to form new verbs as well.

派生词(Descendants)

• Dutch: -en

词源2(Etymology 2)

From the Old Dutch [Term?] strong past participle ending -an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz.

Suffix

-en

1. The ending of the past participle of strong verbs.

派生词(Descendants)

• Dutch: -en

词源3(Etymology 3)

From various first and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.

Suffix

-en

1. The ending of the first- and third-person plural forms of verbs.

派生词(Descendants)

• Dutch: -en

词源4(Etymology 4)

From Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

Suffix

-en

1. Alternative form of -in

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中古英语(Middle English)

词源1(Etymology 1)

From Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs, from Proto-Norse -ᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*-inaz), from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, *-anaz (past participle ending of strong verbs). Replaced the native past participle ending of strong verbs (from Old English -en) in some words, which had weakened to -e or disappeared.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -n, -e

Suffix

-en

1. Denotes the past participle form when attached to a strong verb.

用法注意(Usage notes)

In many cases y- and -en are added together as a circumfix.

The full -en was better-preserved in the northern dialects, whereas in many cases the southern dialects shortened the affix to -n.

衍生词(Derived terms)

派生词(Descendants)

• English: -en

来源参考(References)

• “-en, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

词源2(Etymology 2)

From Old English -an.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -n, -e

Suffix

-en

1. Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs.

衍生词(Derived terms)

来源参考(References)

• “-en, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

词源3(Etymology 3)

From Old English -on, -en.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -e

Suffix

-en

1. Denotes the past indicative plural form of verbs.
2. Denotes the present and past subjunctive plural form of verbs.
3. Denotes the present indicative plural form of certain verbs.

用法注意(Usage notes)

This suffix was increasingly reduced to -e.

The use of this suffix as present indicative plural was common in the Midland area, replacing -eth, -eþ.

衍生词(Derived terms)

派生词(Descendants)

• English: -en

来源参考(References)

• “-en, suf.(7).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

词源4(Etymology 4)

From Old English -an, a plural and oblique case marker.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -n

Suffix

-en

1. Denotes the plural form of certain nouns.
2. Denotes the oblique cases of certain nouns.
3. Denotes the oblique cases and plural forms of weak adjectives.

用法注意(Usage notes)

This suffix as a plural marker is most heavily used in early Middle English, and is generally favoured in southern dialects, whereas northern dialects largely supplanted it with -es early.

衍生词(Derived terms)

派生词(Descendants)

• English: -en

来源参考(References)

• “-en, suf.(5).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
• “-en, suf.(6).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

Etymology 5

From Old English -um.

Suffix

-en

1. Denotes the dative singular and plural of strong adjectives.

来源参考(References)

• “-en, suf.(6).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

Etymology 6

From Old English -en (“characteristic of; made of”), from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -ene, -yn, -in, -on, -un, -n

Suffix

-en

1. Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as characteristic of, like, or pertaining to that noun.
2. Attached to a noun that denotes a material to form an adjective describing something as made of that material.

用法注意(Usage notes)

The affixion of -en is sometimes accompanied by a mutation in the root vowel.

衍生词(Derived terms)

派生词(Descendants)

• English: -en
• Scots: -en, -in

来源参考(References)

• “-en, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

Etymology 7

From Old English -en.

Suffix

-en

1. Denotes a diminutive form of a noun.

衍生词(Derived terms)

派生词(Descendants)

• English: -en

Etymology 8

From Old English -en.

Suffix

-en

1. Denotes a female form of a small, fixed number of nouns.

衍生词(Derived terms)

来源参考(References)

• “-en, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

Etymology 9

From Old English -nian, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną.

Suffix

-en

1. Alternative form of -enen.

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Norwegian Bokmål

词源(Etymology)

From Ancient Greek -ηνή (-ēnḗ), feminine form of -ηνός (-ēnós, added to place name to form an adjective), from -νός (-nós), alternative form of -νος (-nos), from Proto-Indo-European *-nós (creates verbal adjectives from roots).

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /eːn/

• Audio

• Rhymes: -eːn
• Hyphenation: -en
• Homophone: en

Suffix

-en (definite singular neuter -enet, definite singular masculine -enen, indefinite plural -en or -ener, definite plural -enene or -ena)

1. (organic chemistry) Used to form nouns denoting alkynes; -ene

   acetylen, benzen ― acetylene, benzene

2. (organic chemistry) Used to form nouns denoting alkenes; -ene

   etylen, propylen ― ethylene, propylene

来源参考(References)

• “-en” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

变位词(Anagrams)

• en, ne

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Old English

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /en/

词源1(Etymology 1)

From Proto-Germanic *-īną

Suffix

-en

1. (causes i-mutation) used to create diminutive neuter nouns

   ‎mæġþ (“girl, woman”) + ‎-en → ‎mæġden (“little girl”)

   ‎cocc (“cock, fowl”) + ‎-en → ‎ċycen, ċicen (“chick”)

   ‎broþ (“broth, brewing”) + ‎-en → ‎bryþen (“brewing, drink”)

变化形式(Declension)

Neuter

词源2(Etymology 2)

From Proto-Germanic *-inī.

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -in

Suffix

-en

1. (often causes i-mutation) used to create feminine nouns from other nouns

   ‎god (“(male) god”) + ‎-en → ‎gyden (“goddess”) (with i-mutation)

   ‎þēow (“(male) servant”) + ‎-en → ‎þēowen (“female servant”) (without i-mutation)

变化形式(Declension)

Feminine

词源3(Etymology 3)

From Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

Suffix

-en

1. (causes i-mutation) adjectival suffix meaning "material made of, consisting of”, also sometimes “characteristic of”.

   ‎gold (“gold”) + ‎-en → ‎gylden (“golden”)

   ‎ātor (“poison”) + ‎-en → ‎ǣtren (“venomous, poisonous”)

   ‎stān (“stone”) + ‎-en → ‎stǣnen (“stonen”)

   ‎āc (“oak”) + ‎-en → ‎ǣcen (“oaken”)

   ‎trēow (“tree”) + ‎-en → ‎trēowen (“wooden”)

   ‎līn (“flax”) + ‎-en → ‎līnen (“linen”)

   ‎sǣ (“sea”) + ‎-en → ‎sǣn (“marine”)

   ‎fæder (“father”) + ‎-en → ‎fæderen (“paternal”)

变化形式(Declension)

派生词(Descendants)

• Middle English: -en
  • English: -en
  • Scots: -en, -in

词源4(Etymology 4)

From Proto-Germanic *-anaz

Suffix

-en

1. (verbal suffix) past participle ending of strong verbs

   ġecumen ― come

   ġecorfen ― carved

   ġeswōgen ― swooned

Etymology 5

From Proto-Germanic *-an-

Suffix

-en

1. (adjective suffix) meaning belonging to or characterised by

   ‎tungol (“star”) + ‎-en → ‎tunglen (“of the stars, sidereal, starry”)

   ‎fæder (“father”) + ‎-en → ‎fæderen (“paternal, of a father”)

   ‎hund (“dog, hound”) + ‎-en → ‎hunden (“canine”)

Etymology 6

From Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Sometimes with geminate -nn-, probably due to confusion with the feminine suffix from *-inī.

Suffix

-en

1. (causes i-mutation) forms nouns from class 1 weak verbs

   ‎byrgan (“to bury”) + ‎-en → ‎byrgen (“burying, grave”)

   ‎sellan (“to give, grant”) + ‎-en → ‎selen (“giving, gift”)

   ‎þicgan (“to take, accept”) + ‎-en → ‎þigen (“taking”) (inflected as strong and weak)

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Romani

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -ěn (International Standard)

Suffix

-en

1. Forms the accusative plural of oikoclitic animate nouns

   ‎rrom (“Romani man”) + ‎-en → ‎rromen

   ‎daj (“mother”) + ‎-en → ‎dajen

衍生词(Derived terms)

• -en-

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Scots

词源(Etymology)

From Middle English -en, from Old English -en (“characteristic of; made of”).

Suffix

-en

1. Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as characteristic of, like, or pertaining to that noun.
2. Attached to a noun that denotes a material to form an adjective describing something as made of that material.

衍生词(Derived terms)

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Slovene

词源(Etymology)

From Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ.

发音(Pronunciation)

• IPA^(key): /-ən/

Suffix

-ən

1. Suffix appended to words to create an adjective.

衍生词(Derived terms)

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Spanish

词源(Etymology)

From Latin -ent and -unt.

Suffix

-en

1. Suffix indicating the third-person plural present indicative of -er and -ir verbs.
2. Suffix indicating the third-person plural present subjunctive of -ar verbs.
3. Suffix indicating the third-person plural imperative of -ar verbs.

查看更多(See also)

• -an

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Swedish

词源(Etymology)

From Old Norse -inn, -in, from Proto-Germanic *jainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *i-. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “This certainly has multiple etymologies.”)

Suffix

-en

1. Suffix for definite form singular of common gender nouns which end in a consonant, e.g. ‎fisk (“fish”) + ‎-en → ‎fisken (“the fish”); see also -n.
2. Suffix for definite form plural of neuter nouns ending with consonant, e.g. ‎träd (“tree”) + ‎-en → ‎träden (“the trees”).
3. Suffix for indefinite form plural of only the neuter noun huvud (“head”), e.g. ‎huvud (“head”) + ‎-en → ‎huvuden (“heads”).
4. Suffix for the past participle of verbs belonging to the fourth (strong) declension, e.g. ‎sjunga (“sing”) + ‎-en → ‎sjungen (“sung”), ‎skjuta (“shoot”) + ‎-en → ‎skjuten (“shot”).
5. Suffix which converts a few adjectives into adverbs, e.g. ‎möjlig (“possible”) + ‎-en → ‎möjligen (“possibly”).

变位词(Anagrams)

• -ne

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Welsh

发音(Pronunciation)

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛn/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /an/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛn/

词源1(Etymology 1)

From Middle Welsh -en, from Old Welsh -en, from Proto-Brythonic *-enn. Cognate with Cornish -en, Breton -enn.

Suffix

-en f (masculine -yn)

1. Used to form the singulative of certain words.

   ‎llygod (“mice”) + ‎-en → ‎llygoden (“mouse”)

   ‎sêr (“stars”) + ‎-en → ‎seren (“star”)

   ‎coed (“trees, wood”) + ‎-en → ‎coeden (“tree”)

2. Used to form certain singular words.

   llysywen (“eel”)

   matsien (“match”)

   taten (“potato”)

3. diminutive suffix

   ‎pêl (“ball”) + ‎-en → ‎pelen (“little ball, pellet”)

   ‎lloer (“moon”) + ‎-en → ‎lloeren (“satellite”)

   ‎gwraig (“woman, wife”) + ‎-en → ‎gwreigen (“little woman, little wife”)

4. female or feminine person or creature

   ‎coch (“red”) + ‎-en → ‎cochen (“(female) redhead”)

   ‎clebr (“gossip, chatter”) + ‎-en → ‎clebren (“(female) gossip”)

   ‎gwlith (“dew”) + ‎-en → ‎gwlithen (“slug”)

5. object, item, thing

   ‎cwyr (“wax”) + ‎-en → ‎cwyren (“cake or tablet of wax”)

   ‎calch (“lime, chalk”) + ‎-en → ‎calchen (“limestone”)

   ‎awyr (“sky”) + ‎-en → ‎awyren (“aeroplane”)

   ‎crom (“curved”) + ‎-en → ‎cromen (“dome”)

词源2(Etymology 2)

发音(Pronunciation)

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛn/
  • (North Wales) (colloquial) IPA^(key): /ai̯n/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛn/

Suffix

-en

1. Used to form plural nouns.

   ‎ych (“ox”) + ‎-en → ‎ychen (“oxen”)

   Synonyms: -aid, -aint, -au, -ed, -edd, -i, -iadau, -iaid, -iau, -ion, -od, -oedd, -on, -ydd, -yr, -ys

词源3(Etymology 3)

替代形式(Alternative forms)

• -sen

Suffix

-en

1. (colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person plural conditional
2. (colloquial) verb suffix for the third-person plural conditional

衍生词(Derived terms)

来源参考(References)

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-en”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

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Yucatec Maya

Suffix

-en

1. Suffix indicating the first-person singular present copular; added to nouns and adjectives

   Koolnáalen. ― I am a farmer.

   Teen na'en. ― I am a mother.

   Na'ajen. ― I am thirsty.

Suffix

-en

1. Suffix indicating the second-person plural imperative

   Ooken! ― Enter!